新增 class
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class.md
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247
class.md
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# 物件導向-Class
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## 物件導向
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### 以物件的方式去描述資料應有的行為
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* 像我們在現實世界中定義貓、狗、人、車等等一樣，都有自己的運作方式
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### 主要特性:
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1. 繼承
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2. 封裝
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3. 多型
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### 繼承
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#### 繼承就像是生活中，子女繼承父母的財產一樣。可以直接使用父輩的物品
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```
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class Lab_location:
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def __init__(self):
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self.location = "EL125"
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class Lab_student(Lab_location):
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def __init__(self,student):
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super().__init__()
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self.student = student
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def lab_detail(self):
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print(f'student : {self.student}') # 原本定義的
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print(f'Lab_位置 : {self.location}') # 可以從Lab_location(父輩) 抓出物件
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student1 = Lab_student("M11112030")
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student1.lab_detail()
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```
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1. Class - Lab_location 是位置
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2. Class - Lab_student 繼承Lab_location的物件
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3. super().__init__() 繼承Lab_location
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### 封裝
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#### 隱藏程式實現細節只保留下接口，使程式容易模組化
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```
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class Lab_student:
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def __init__(self,name):
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self.name = name
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self.profession = "警察"
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def student_name(self):
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print(f'name : {self.name}')
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def crime(self):
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print(f'{self.name} 要來逮捕你了')
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def __no_crime(self):
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print(f'{self.name} 從你身邊路過')
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studen1 = Lab_student("王希名")
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studen1.student_name()
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studen1.crime()
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```
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1. 先將student1 變成Lab_student的物件形式
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2. 呼叫student_name的時候會觸發
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3. 呼叫crime的時候會觸發
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4. 呼叫__no_crime不會觸發 *(加入2個底線，就變成私有變數，外界呼叫不到)
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### 多形
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#### 多型指的是一類的事物有多種型態
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#### 我的理解(1)
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```
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class A1_student(Lab_location):
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def __init__(self):
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super().__init__()
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def lab_detail(self):
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print(f'M11112030 在 {self.location}')
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class A2_student(Lab_location):
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def __init__(self):
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super().__init__()
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def lab_detail(self):
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print(f'M11112031 在 {self.location}')
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class A3_student(Lab_location):
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def __init__(self):
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super().__init__()
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def lab_detail(self):
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print(f'M11112032 在 {self.location}')
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student1 = A1_student()
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student2 = A2_student()
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student3 = A3_student()
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student1.lab_detail()
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student2.lab_detail()
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student3.lab_detail()
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```
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1. A1、A2、A3都有leb_detail的方式
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2. 呼叫出來的結果都不同
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#### 我的理解(2)
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```
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class Lab_location:
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def __init__(self):
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self.location = "EL125"
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class Lab_student(Lab_location):
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def __init__(self,name):
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super().__init__()
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self.name = name
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def lab_detail(self):
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print(f'{self.name} 在 {self.location}')
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student1 = Lab_student("A")
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student2 = Lab_student("B")
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student3 = Lab_student("C")
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student1.lab_detail()
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student2.lab_detail()
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student3.lab_detail()
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```
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1. 同樣呼叫Lab_student 但可以不同型態
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##
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## Class
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### Class類別
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* Object 物件
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* Attribute 屬性
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* Method 方法
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* Constructor 建構式
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### *命名建議原則:單字字首大寫
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```
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class Person():
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def __init__(self,name,age,weight,high):
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self.eye = 2
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self.hand = 2
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self.noise = 1
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self.leg = 2
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self.money =0
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self.name = name
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self.age = age
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self.weight = weight
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self.high = high
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def person_body_detail(self):
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print(f'眼睛數量 : {self.eye}')
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print(f'手數量 : {self.hand}')
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print(f'鼻子數量 : {self.noise}')
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print(f'腿數量 : {self.leg}')
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def person_introduce(self):
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high = float(self.high/100)
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print(f'{self.name} {self.age}歲 {self.weight}公斤 {high}米 總資產{self.money}')
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```
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### Object 物件
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* 透過Class建立實體
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```
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test_1 = Person(name='王希銘',age = 37,weight=105,high=168)
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```
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* ### Attribute 屬性
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* 放置物件的資料
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* 建立物件後，才可進行屬性值的設定
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* 建議使用建構式來進行屬性值的設定
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```
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test_1.money = 20000
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```
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### Method 方法
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* 與函式(function)很類似 都是def 開頭 但必須攜帶self
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```
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class Person():
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def __init__(self,name,age,weight,high):
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self.eye = 2
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self.hand = 2
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self.noise = 1
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self.leg = 2
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self.money =0
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self.name = name
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self.age = age
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self.weight = weight
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self.high = high
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# Method
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def person_body_detail(self):
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print(f'眼睛數量 : {self.eye}')
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print(f'手數量 : {self.hand}')
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print(f'鼻子數量 : {self.noise}')
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print(f'腿數量 : {self.leg}')
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# Method
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def person_introduce(self):
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high = float(self.high/100)
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print(f'{self.name} {self.age}歲 {self.weight}公斤 {high}米 總資產{self.money}')
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```
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#### 完整程式碼
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```
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class Person():
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def __init__(self,name,age,weight,high):
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self.eye = 2
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self.hand = 2
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self.noise = 1
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self.leg = 2
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self.money =0
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self.name = name
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self.age = age
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self.weight = weight
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self.high = high
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def person_body_detail(self):
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print(f'眼睛數量 : {self.eye}')
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print(f'手數量 : {self.hand}')
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print(f'鼻子數量 : {self.noise}')
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print(f'腿數量 : {self.leg}')
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def person_introduce(self):
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high = float(self.high/100)
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print(f'{self.name} {self.age}歲 {self.weight}公斤 {high}米 總資產{self.money}')
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test_1 = Person(name='王希銘',age = 37,weight=105,high=168)
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test_1.money = 20000
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test_1.person_body_detail()
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test_1.person_introduce()
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```
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### Constructor 建構式 - self
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* 建立物件時會自動執行__init__
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* 於建構式中初始化物件的屬性值
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* 需使用self並用.隔開
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```
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class Person():
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def __init__(self,name,age,weight,high):
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self.eye = 2
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self.hand = 2
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self.noise = 1
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self.leg = 2
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self.money =0
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self.name = name
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self.age = age
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self.weight = weight
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self.high = high
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```
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* self代表這個物件
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* 不太正確但好理解說法:這個Class的全域變數
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### Method 方法和 function 函式差異
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* Function是定義在class外面的 Method定義在class內部的
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* Function是所有地方可以使用 Method限定使用
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* Function只能使用帶進來的變數或是全域變數
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* Method可以使用帶進來的變數和class的所有變數
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